The roots of Bermuda Grass that make it so hard to pull out of your garden also make a strong, though coarse, rope.

Bermuda Grass was most likely introduced to the Colonies in the early or mid-1700s. It was well established by 1803.

You want the fine, wiry roots, not the thick, white rhizomes. Just pull the roots off of the plant. You might even have to cut them off, they are very tough. Rinse the sand and dirt off, let them dry for a day or two, and you are ready to go.

You can strip the leaves and thorns off long vines with a good pair of heavy leather gloves. Lacking gloves, you can carefully grab the end of a vine, between the thorns, and rub a stick down the vine, knocking off thorns and leaves before you cut the vine.

The outer bark peels off easily in the late Spring, early Summer, but later in the season, you may have to pound on it a bit to loosen the fibers.

The outer bark and fibers have a waxy feel, and the fibers are stiff and coarse. Might benefit from retting and hatchelling.

The berries are tasty.

The Greater Burdock is known by many names. These include: Edible Burdock, Lappa, Gobo, Beggar's Buttons, and even Happy Major, though I don't know why.

The Greater Burdock can grow to five feet tall, and the burrs will get caught in your hair, your dog's hair, and get stuck in your socks.

The fibers in the stalks of the plant are coarse, stiff, and strong. This makes for a stiff, coarse rope, good for hauling and lashing, not for fishing line.

You can separate the fibers by beating the stalk with a stick on a stone, or splitting the stalk and scraping with a dull knife. I've found this easier to do when the stalks are still green and fresh.

Originally from Asia, the Greater Burdock is listed as an invasive, noxious weed in many states.

The Cattail, or Bulrush, is a very useful plant for food and for fiber. The distinctive "hotdog on a stick" shape is usually found in standing water, or damp ditches.

The long leaves are shredded, retted, and twisted. There are some references to spinning the seed fluff, but I can't say I've had any luck with that.

Cattails are native to wetlands across North America.

If it smells like a freshly sharpened pencil, it's probably a Cedar.

The inner bark of Cedar can be pulled off in long strips in the late Spring and early Summer. Fresh cut branches one to two inches in diameter give layers of bark 1/16 to 1/8th inch thick. On a good day, the bark will peel around small projecting branch stubs, and down tributary branches.

Pounding or retting will yield a fairly strong and soft rope. But if you are in a hurry, the untwisted strips of bark make a reasonable binding for shelters, etc.

The dried husks are easily torn into usable strips. Corn Husk isn't particularly strong, but it make a reasonable string for kitchen use.

Daylilies were introduced by early Colonists.
The dried leaves at the bottom of the plant, from last season, are naturally retted, and ready to twist into rope.

Also known as Indian Hemp since this was the fiber the Native Americans used for most of their ropemaking needs. The fibers are very fine and quite strong. Dogbane does not stretch when wet which makes it useful for holding buckets and pumps together. The fibers can be stripped right from the stalk in late Spring, early Summer. Some people recommend harvesting after the first frost, and working with the dry stalks. I prefer to strip the stalks while they are still green.

NOTE: the USDA lists Dogbane as a poisonous plant containing cardiac glycosides. The "bane" in Dogbane means a cause of harm or damage.

The Native Americans used Dogbane for centuries without known problems. Use caution, and your judgement. Wash your hands.

Figure 9.9: Dogbane.

In the Spring, and early Summer, cut one to two year old branches and shoots, about one quarter inch diameter or smaller. The bark pulls off in long strips.

The branches will grow back over time. This is the basis of the traditional woodland management practices of coppicing and pollarding.

Fine Fescues are often part of lawn grass seed mixes, and the plants often escape into the wild, where they grow to usable lengths. The leaves can be over two feet long, yet only 1/32^th of an inch wide.

Either pulled up by the roots, or cut close to the ground, there isn't much else to do with Fine Fescue other than dry it and twist it.

Fine Fescue is very easy to work with. It twists easily. It doesn't have thorns or sharp edges. It also makes a very serviceable rope.

Flax makes a good, pliable rope. But Flax is more valuable spun and woven into linen fabric. There are many varieties, some native, others imported by early colonists. All have good, fine, strong fibers.

Processing Flax typically involves breaking, scutching, and hatchelling. At two to three tons of fiber per acre, one acre could rig a small trading ship, or string 100 bed frames.

The fiber yield for Flax, by weight per acre, can be greater than Hemp.

An introduced plant, listed as a noxious weed in several states.

Young vines can be twisted just as they are. Slightly older vines can be used as withies without any further work. From vines more than an inch in diameter, peel the bark off in strips. The inner bark comes off in ribbons about one sixteenth of an inch thick.

Grapevine bark makes a stiff rope useful for one-time binding jobs like fences or baskets.

Although there are many introduced, invasive, species even native Grapes like Fox and Riverbank Grape are listed in some states as noxious weeds.

The Hackberry tree, also known as the Beaverwood, Nettletree, or Sugarberry, grows on every continent, except Antarctica. It is hardy, grows on poor and polluted soil. It does well in cities, and produces a very nice bast fiber. Oddly, Hackberry does not show up in many texts about ropemaking. Hackberry is in the same family, (Cannabaceae) as Hemp and Hops, although before 2019, it was grouped with the Elms.

I have not tried pulling bast fibers from trunk sections, only from small branches. I haven't been around a Hackberry tree that needed to be cut down. In Spring, when the sap is rising, the bark peels nicely off of branches thinner than your finger.

Hackberry rope is soft and strong. Nice stuff to work with, nice product when you're done.

For centuries, Hemp was the premier ropemaking fiber. So much so that other plants used in ropemaking are often called Hemp, such as Indian Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum), Manila Hemp (Musa textilis), Bowstring Hemp (Sansevieria trifasciata), etc.

All Hemp species are imported, but seeds came with some of the first colonists. Traditional processing for commercial Hemp includes retting, drying, breaking, scutching, and hatchelling. However, when the stalks are still green, the outer "bark" layer, the bast fibers, can be stripped off and used with minimal processing after drying.

An acre of Hemp can produce 1300 pounds of high quality fiber. That's over eleven miles of 1/4 inch diameter rope.

The one year old vines can be twisted as you would individual fibers. Younger than one year, and the vines are too tender and will break. Two year old vines are too woody, and will snap.

The fibrous inner bark, the bast fibers, of the trunk of the woody, bushy Honeysuckles, and leathery inner bark of Japanese Honeysuckle, can also be harvested and twisted.

Several of the native Honeysuckles are listed as endangered, but many of the imported varieties, like the Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) are listed as invasive, banned, and prohibited noxious weeds.

The climbing vines have a characteristic "S" twist.

Hops is a close cousin of Hemp. Hops fibers were sometimes used as a substitute for Flax.^{[120] [748]}

Early in the season, the Hop growers will tear out all but the most vigorous bines (technically Hops grows on Bines, not Vines) so the strongest shoots will climb the strings and mature. At harvest time, the whole plant is pulled up. Either of these times is a good time to get material for ropes. Especially if you offer to help the farmer with the work.

The bines are covered with very small curved thorns. Smaller than rose or bramble thorns, they can still scratch you.

Hop bines can be processed like Hemp or Flax: retting, drying, breaking, scutching, and hatchelling before spinning.

There are both native and imported varieties.

The purple flower of the Thistle is the emblem of Scotland. You can make rope from the fibers in the outer layer of the stem. Thistles can grow over six feet tall. Most Thistles were imported, and many are listed as noxious weeds.

The fine, sharp spines can be rubbed off with a good pair of leather gloves. The fibers are just under the skin of the stalk.

If you make rope from Thistle, be careful you don't spread the seeds.

Jute does not grow in the United States. All Jute is imported.
Jute processing became big business in Dundee, Scotland in the early 1800s, where the raw fibers were imported from India. Jute would not be a common fiber in the American Colonies before the Revolution. However Jute is in the same family, (Malvaceae), as the Rosemallow, see below.

For demonstration purposes, Jute makes a nice soft rope, although not particularly strong.

Milkweed is in the Dogbane family, and is used and processed in the same manner. Also like Dogbane, the white latex sap is full of cardiac glycosides. The older the plant, the more poisonous it becomes.

Be careful.

The fibers are long, and strong, with a silky sheen. Fiber yields can be as high as those for Hemp or Flax.

Egyptian papyrus, (Cyperus papyrus), is a member of the Sedge family, and was used to make rope by the Egyptians for centuries. The strongest fibers are in the distinctive three-sided stems. (Sedges have edges...)

The Manyflower flatsedge is native in most states south of the Great Lakes and East of the Mississippi.

This plant is endangered in Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio.

Not as strong as Elm bark, but it makes a serviceable cord. Just because silkworms can make some of the world's strongest fibers from this tree, doesn't mean everybody can.

You will often see different shaped leaves on the same branch. Some with "mitten thumbs" on the bottom edge, some with two "thumbs", and some without any.

The Paper Mulberry was introduced to Virginia in 1603, as part of an effort develop a silk industry.^[530]

The stalks and leaves can both be twisted together.
(...grasses have knees from their tips to the ground.) The grass stalks have "knees" or "nodes" between the leaves.

Orchard Grass was introduced by the early colonists. George Washington mentioned it as good feed for cattle.^[885]

This is a non-native invasive species, brought to this country in the late 1800s. It is prohibited by law in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. It is listed as a noxious weed in North Carolina and Vermont.^[853]

The vines can easily grow twenty feet in a year, and will smother and break the trees they climb seeking sun. The bast fibers just under the bark of young vines, smaller than 1/4 inch in diameter, are easily pulled off in long strips. After drying a few days, the outer bark crumbles off without much effort, leaving very fine, strong fibers.

Although this is not a Colonial era plant, cutting it down is a public service, and you get good raw materials. Unless you use a strong herbicide, oriental bittersweet will keep coming back, so you will have an unending supply. But if you keep it out of the trees, that's something.

The vines have a characteristic "Z" twist when climbing.

The fibers on the trunk, under the leaf stalks, and the fibers in the leaves themselves are used in ropemaking. The fibers of the Coconut husk are used in making coir.

The Colonial ropemaker could get Palmetto Palm from the Carolinas, but not much further north.

Coir would be unknown to an 18th Century Colonial ropemaker.

Not to be confused with the banana-like plant of the same name.

Plantain was introduced by the earliest European settlers and has spread across the continent.

The fibers in the leaf stalks are easily pulled from the leaves while green. Together with the roots, these make a tough string. The tall seed stalks can be twisted into a slightly coarser rope. But it takes a lot of plants to make any great length of cordage.

Plantain seeds and leaves can be eaten, and the plant has many medicinal properties as well.

Rosemallow, or sometimes Mallow Rose, or Hearty Hibiscus, are native to the South Eastern United States.

Bark fibers, pulled from the stems of this tall plant make a strong cord. You can get usable fibers in the spring, but if you wait until after the plant has gone to seed, you get flowers, fibers, and seeds for next year's crop.

Retting is required if you want a finer fiber. Rosemallow is in the same family, (Malvaceae), as the commercially important Jute plant, see above.

Rushes are native in most of the Northern Hemisphere. Used in basketry, thatching, and ropemaking, the stalks are dried, and used whole.
(...and rushes are round...) Rush stems have a round cross section, and no "joints" or "nodes" like you see in grasses.

Used by the Native Americans around the Gulf of Mexico for making rope and blankets. Spanish Moss grows as far north as the southern edge of the Chesapeake Bay.

Spanish Moss isn't really a moss, but a relative of the pineapple family. It is an epiphyte, not a parasite, which means it doesn't draw nutrients from the host tree. Big accumulations can be a problem in heavy rain and high winds because of the additional stresses put on the branches of the host tree.

Without retting, the rope you can make will be fat and fluffy. Not a strong rope for critical situations.

Retting removes the spongy grey-green outer layer, and leaves an almost black core like coarse beard hair, or soft steel wool. But retting has the associated nasty smell. The moss can also be dried and rubbed to clean. But drying Spanish Moss presents a few problems. The plant is an epiphyte, it lives off the moisture it gets from the air. Pluck a bunch from a tree, put it in your back yard, and it will continue to survive.

If you bury Spanish Moss in the sand, it will eventually die from lack of sunshine, and the sand will help scrub off the outer layer.

An invasive species introduced to the United States around 1919. Makes a coarse rope suitable for binding crops or thatching.

Japanese Stiltgrass is banned, by law, in Connecticut, prohibited in Massachusetts, and listed as a noxious weed in Alabama.

Dew retting for a week or so makes the stalks more pliable.

The seeds are small and hard to see. Moving a Stiltgrass rope from one place to another can spread this invasive pest.

Timothy Grass was introduced to the Colonies in the early 1700s, and known to George Washington^[770] and Benjamin Franklin.

Timothy can grow to be almost five feet tall, and has a long, tight, sausage shaped seed head, around 3/8 inches in diameter.

Both the stalks and the leaves have good fibers for twisting.

The Tulip Poplar isn't really a member of the Poplars (Populus spp.), but is more closely related to the Magnolias (Magnolia spp.).

The inner bark from freshly cut trees and larger branches can be used immediately, or dried for later use. Some sources recommend boiling with wood ash for up to an hour^[670], but I haven't seen any improvement.

The flower stalks and the ground runners make a reasonable cord.

There are native American species of Wisteria, as well as several imported species. Some of the imported varieties are invasive, but they are all quick climbers.

Wisteria vines are known for their large, showy, hanging flowers. But what you want are the long runners growing along the ground. These will be about as thick as a pencil, and run for many feet.

Any time from Spring through Fall, pull up several feet of runners, and peel off the bark. It should come off in strips a foot long or more. Let it dry, and the outer bark will crumble off with just a little bit of work.

The bast fibers can be divided quite fine, and three-ply cordage 1/16^th inch in diameter is very doable.

Makes a strong, smooth rope.

Sometimes called "Adam's Needle". ^[715] The old, dry leaves at the bottom of the plant are usually pre-retted. All you need to do is rub them between your palms to work out the fibers.

Yuccas are native from Florida to Massachusetts, and Virginia to California.

You can grab the sharp point on a green leaf, and pull off several fibers over a foot long. This makes a handy needle and thread arrangement for quick sewing repairs.